In many developing countries, agricultural extension services are generally biased towards men, with information targeted mainly to male members of a farming household and in formats that are rarely tailored to female members. Nevertheless, female farmers may also benefit from such services as...

Underinvestment in agriculture -- a major cause of rural poverty -- may be due to difficulties to detect 'contingency', defined as the influence one may exert on the distribution of returns on investment. Recently experienced contingency may create a mismatch between perceived and actual...