We document two independent analyses that were conducted to support the inclusion of cold-start emissions in the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure. First, we present the results of a scoping review on cold-start frequencies and trip distances in Europe. Second, we present a scenario...

Emissions testing in the laboratory forms an essential part of the European type approval procedure for light-duty vehicles. The approach yields reproducible and comparable emissions data and provides clear design criteria for vehicles that have to comply with applicable emission limits....