Governments worldwide have agreed that international climate policy should aim to limit the increase of global mean temperature to less than 2°C with respect to pre-industrial levels. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the emission reductions and related energy system changes in various...

We review energy and economic requirements, available technologies, and limiting factors for direct air capture systems. As the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere continues to increase, discussion about various methods to bring this gas under control intensify. Current...