This paper proposes a Markov regime switching framework for modeling carbon emission (CO2) allowances that combines a regime switching behavior and disequilibrium adjustments in the mean process, along with a state-dependent dynamic volatility process. We find that all regime switching based...

This paper studies the impact of the April allowance submissions mandate under the European Union emission trading scheme (EU ETS) in carbon emission markets. Using intraday order flow data, we test for the cross-market efficiency of spot-futures dynamics and find that the equilibrium level,...