The euro was launched, on 1 January 1999, as a common currency for members of the European Union that complied with the Maastricht Treaty. The Maastricht Treaty calls for the coordination of major macroeconomic policies, such as inflation, budget balance, public debt, and long-term interest...

This study examines the dynamic relationship between the major stock indices of the US, Japan, France and the UK by using the non-linear Granger-causality test. The empirical evidence indicates that there is a strong bi-directional non-linear causal relationship between the US and the others....

This paper analyzes stock market reactions to election polls. Stock markets anticipate the impact of events on future cash flows. Current values depend on future cash flows and risk prospects. We posit that election polls are indications of the political platforms that are expected to win...