Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to choose a optimal routing in fourth party logistics (4PL) with the objective of transportation cost minimization under reliability level constraint. Design/methodology/approach: Reliability theory is applied to routing optimization problem. A mathematical...

Harmony search algorithm (HS) cannot always avoid being trapped in local optima, and several local search algorithms have recently been used to overcome this limitation by searching the neighborhood of some solution for improved ones. However, how local search affects the performance of HS has...

Harmony search algorithm (HS) cannot always avoid being trapped in local optima, and several local search algorithms have recently been used to overcome this limitation by searching the neighborhood of some solution for improved ones. However, how local search affects the performance of HS has...

Nitrogen gas crossover (NGC) and nitrogen accumulation at the anode of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are ineluctable and it would lead to inferior performance and even irreversible damage to functional components. To mitigate this issue, multiphysics numerical models (MNMs) are...