In an emergency department (ED), the demand for service is not constant over time. This cannot be accounted for by means of waiting lists or appointment systems, so capacity decisions are the most important tool to influence patient waiting times. Additional complexities result from the...

Many shift scheduling algorithms presume that the staffing levels, required to ensure a target customer service, are known in advance. Determining these staffing requirements is often not straightforward, particularly in systems where the arrival rate fluctuates over the day. We present a...