We use the technique of information relaxation to develop a duality-driven iterative approach to obtaining and improving confidence interval estimates for the true value of finite-horizon stochasticdynamic programming problems. We show that the sequence of dual value estimates yielded from the...

Online Appendix of “Steering via Algorithmic Recommendations” Chen and Tsai (2019)This paper studies whether self-preferencing affects algorithmic recommendations on dominant platforms. We focus on the dual role of Amazon.com as a platform owner and retailer. We find that products sold by...