We examine an open economy's strategy to reduce its carbon emissions by replacing its consumption of coal - very carbon intensive - with gas - less so. Unlike the standard analysis of carbon leakage, unilateral carbon-reduction policies with more than one carbon energy source may turn...

We examine an open economy's strategy to reduce its carbon emissions by replacing its consumption of coal - very carbon intensive - with gas - less so. Unlike the standard theoretical approach to carbon leakage, we show that unilateral CO2 reduction policies generate a higher leakage rate in the...

The possibility of carbon leakage arises when there is an asymmetry in climate policies across countries. A Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) and a Border Tax Adjustment (BTA) are considered effective instruments to tackle this leakage. Using the Melitz trade model with firm heterogeneity, we study...