In Italy the adoption of convenants, and, more in detail, the use of bond covenants, is constrained by the predominance of SMEs, the significant role of relationship banking, the high costs related to public placements, the lack of investors‘ financial culture, the low amount of capital...

A freeze-out bond exchange offer occurs when a firm wants to replace an existing bond, issued with a covenant, with a new bond that does not have this kind of restriction. If the bondholders are not fully coordinated, the shareholders can make an unfair exchange offer to capture wealth from the...