Both the Free Trade Agreement and the Memorandum of Understanding concluded between Canada and Chile contain provisions relating to competition law enforcement cooperation. These agreements include terms covering inter alia the following cooperative concepts: comity, consultations, conflict...

This article formulates a principled criminalisation framework in order to argue for the necessity of criminal sanctions as punishment under EC cartel law. It examines the traditional rationales of criminal punishment, demonstrating their relative merits and demerits. The theoretical usefulness...

Few would deny that the European Commission has an impressive track record with respect to anti-cartel enforcement. At present, however, a lacuna exists with respect to its enforcement powers: it cannot to impose fines on natural persons who are responsible for their companies’ cartel...

On 1 April 2014, section 47 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (ERRA) entered into force, ensuring significant changes to the UK cartel offence. The criminal offence, contained in section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002, was enacted to secure the deterrence of cartel activity...

The EU-level doctrine of parental antitrust liability presents a number of challenges in terms of securing the legitimacy of EU competition law enforcement. Professor Whelan’s new monograph examines this issue from a positive and normative perspective, ultimately arguing that as currently...

A global trend towards the criminalisation of cartel activity can be detected at present. What was once primarily a US phenomenon has become an international one, with countries as diverse as Israel, Brazil, and Australia pursuing a policy of cartel criminalization. The existence of criminal...

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