This paper deals with the question what the relationship is between consumer activity and non-competitive market outcomes in deregulated markets. These market failures could be the result of bad regulation, bad competition law enforcement or insufficient consumer activity. The different causes...

As markets change due to new technologies, shifts in consumer preferences or other conditions, the legal and policy framework need to adjust, too. The dilemma legislators and policy makers face when such changes take place is whether and how to intervene in such market situations and if they...

Effective enforcement of competition law is vital for the functioning of competitive markets. As competition authorities are constrained by scarce financial and human resources, it is neither possible, nor desirable, to enforce every possible competition law infringement. Hence, the power to set...