In recent decades, Community institutions have promoted most of the pro-competitive reforms in continental Europe. Liberalizations originating at the national level were seldom successful because they were blocked by arguments based on often fictitious general interest considerations (stability,...

Margin squeezes can be evaluated under a predation or a refusal-to-deal standard. Both Carlton and Sidak argue in favor of using the predation standard. However, should the conditions for an abusive refusal to deal be satisfied, then margin squeezes should be prohibited even when prices are not...

While the general principle that fines for antitrust violations be set at deterrent levels is well established in prevailing Guidelines on Fines, how these principles are to be interpreted in specific cases is not even considered, or at most only non-operational indications are provided. This...

In developing countries, legal provisions that prohibit abusive behavior often have a wider application than in the EU or in the US. China ‘s law is also concerned with abuse of administrative power, Russia's law overstresses unequal contracts conditions, India's law takes over the idea of...

Governments play a significant role in determining how markets function and use a variety of policies for this purpose, including economic regulation, trade policy and antitrust. Some of these policies (i.e. trade policy and antitrust) in principle promote competition directly, but sometimes are...

In recent years, the economic foundation of antitrust law is increasingly being called into question. The hypothesis that antitrust law seeks to promote consumer welfare has historically been extremely popular but in recent years has come under attack. In part this is due to the fact that...