seizures, random mandatory drug test results, various measures of harm, violence, and causes of death. I first document a large … increase in NPS availability and an alarming correlation with the steep rise in harm and violence behind bars. I then evaluate … in violence, self-harm, and suicides following the law. Collectively, the findings suggest unwarranted responses to …

high temperatures increase intense violence among the incarcerated. Days with unsafe heat index levels shift both the … intensive and extensive margins of violence, raising daily violent interactions by 20%, and the probability of any violence by … 18%. Our setting cleanly identifies the effect of heat on violence, and highlights previously unobserved social costs of …