This dissertation contributes to the emerging literature on endogenous political institutions and the causal … relationship between institutions and the political and economic environment. For the purpose, all chapters rely on electoral …

(ALMP) to fight unemployment in many countries in recent years. In contrast to traditional ALMP instruments like training … unemployed individuals to exit unemployment by entering self-employment and, thus, by creating their own jobs. In this sense … combat unemployment but also as business policy to promote entrepreneurship. The corresponding empirical literature on this …

gravity models for developed countries to include unemployment (chapter 2) and for Latin American and Caribbean developing … migration and trade and their effects on unemployment (chapter 5), and the dynamics of democracy and income chapter 6). …