The authors hypothesize that the effectiveness of external threats in raising workers' effort is mediated by, among other labor market conditions, the presence or absence of a powerful union. In particular, they argue that because powerful unions reduce the potency of the external threat of job...

If the distribution of industrial employment is uneven across regions, changes in patterns of production will require the reallocation of labour across regions as well as industries. In this paper we consider this aspect of the adjustment process. Specifically, we compare the geographical...

This article uses data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey for 1992-95 and 2000-03 to examine changes in ethnic unemployment and economic activity. The intention was to compare the relatively high unemployment era of the 1990s with the lower unemployment era of the 2000s. Although the ethnic...