This summary presents the results of the collection of data on the number of Portable Documents A1 (PD A1) issued by the EU Member States and EFTA countries during reference year 2015. PD A1 is a formal statement on the applicable social security legislation. It proves, amongst others, that...

This report addresses the question of whether it is technically, financially and legally feasible to estimate geographic mobility and migration flows in the European Union. Our assessment indicates that the feasibility is dependent on a number of factors: 1. It depends on the data that one can...

This summary presents the results of the data collection on the number of PDs A1 issued by the EU Member States and EFTA countries during reference year 2017. As will be shown below, these data provide more information on the size, the characteristics and the impact of intra-EU posting according...

The main principle of the EU rules on social security coordination is that persons are subject to the legislation of a single Member State only. If the person works, the legislation of the Member State where the economic activity is carried out applies ('lex loci laboris'). In some very specific...

In order to prove that a person is subject to a social security system a so-called 'Portable Document A1 (PD A1)' is issued by the Member State whose legislation remains applicable. This certificate concerns the social security legislation which applies to a person and confirms that this person...

The Portable Document A1 (PD A1) (previously the E101 certificate) establishes the presumption that the holder is affiliated to the social security system of the Member State which has issued the certificate and confirms that the person concerned has no obligations to pay social security...

Increasing attention has recently been paid to the situation of domestic workers at European Union (EU) level. The European Parliament, social partners and stakeholders have called on the European Commission to improve the working conditions and social protection of domestic workers within the...

Since its founding, the European Union (EU) has undergone several rounds of enlargement, expanding from the original six Member States to 27 today. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the European Union's fifth enlargement which took place in 2004. Two decades ago, citizens of ten Central...

This annual report presents updated insights into the labour mobility developments in EU and EFTA countries using data for 2022 and 2023. The analysis encompasses the mobility of all working-age EU citizens (aged 20-64). Chapter 1 delves into the movement and characteristics of the mobile...

Russia's military invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered an influx of displaced persons from Ukraine seeking safety, protection and security in the European Union. Well over 4 million people displaced from Ukraine (4.16 million) currently enjoy temporary protection in the EU. Ever...