It is often claimed that investment treaties will dissuade host countries from phasing out foreignowned CO2-intensive production. This paper uses a very simple economic framework to examine how such a problem might be alleviated through treaty reform, including increased carve-outs from...

International investment agreements have provoked intense criticism in the policy debate during recent years. Particularly contentious has been their "ISDS" mechanisms, which enable investors to litigate against host countries. This paper examines whether host countries would be better off with...

EU member state investment treaties have been criticized for potentially deterring EU countries from pursuing desirable policy measures. This paper explores whether these treaties can nonetheless serve a beneficial geoeconomic function for the EU by safeguarding EU investments in five minerals...