The global economy is considerably dependent on fossil fuels, of which oil is by far the most important, and concerns about the impact of oil price volatility on the real economy have been recently fuelled by the positive correlation between oil and stock prices. This positive correlation might...

This paper focuses on the oil and gas sector because of its direct exposure to the complete range of ESG challenges, as well as strong pressure to change business models due to the energy transition. We investigate the ESG scores of a sample of global companies in this sector and their...