Financial distress has a dual effect on stock pricing: it affects both investors’ expected return and stock pricing efficiency. Therefore, the estimated relation between it and realized return captures both the relation between it and expected return and the relation between it and the...

We evaluate the impact of European antitrust policy by analyzing the stock market response to investigation announcements, infringement decisions, and appeals. We examine a sample of 253 companies involved in 118 European antitrust cases over the period 1974-2004. We uncover significantly...