We study order aggressiveness of market-making high-frequency traders (HFTs), opportunistic HFTs, and non-HFTs. We find that market-making HFTs follow their own group's previous order submissions more than they follow other traders' orders. Opportunistic HFTs and non-HFTs tend to split market...

China has become the world's biggest consumer of gold in recent years. After only several years of operation, the Chinese gold futures market is now one of the largest globally. This paper studies the price discovery process for the Chinese gold markets. Since the financial crisis in 2007, gold...

This paper studies the impact of contracted market makers by investigating the liquidity provider scheme in Sweden. The results show that the stocks become more liquid after the introduction of the contracted market makers. The liquidity improvement is explained by reduced order processing cost...

After the Lehman-Brothers collapse, the stock index has exceeded its pre-Lehman-Brothers peak by 36% in real terms. Seemingly, markets have been demanding more stocks instead of bonds. Yet, instead of observing higher bond rates, paradoxically, bond rates have been persistently negative after...

Existing work on investor heterogeneity in corporate bond markets mainly focuses on the shares of different types of investors. We find that investor concentration also plays an important role in corporate bond pricing dynamics and secondary market liquidity, even after controlling the shares of...