The effectiveness of any sanction depends on the costs of avoiding its restrictions. We examine whether bearish option strategies were substitutes for short sales during the September 2008 short-sale ban. We find a significant diminution in option volumes and a significant increase in option...

We provide a novel framework and empirical results to understand the relation between profitability growth and returns. By connecting a concave profit function to a standard valuation framework, we argue that if growth-rate risk carries a positive risk premium, firms with higher current...