To protect retail investors from the bail-in rule, we propose that banks should issue subordinated "contractual bail-in instruments", as defined in the BRRD, for an amount (together with Tier1 capital) at least equal to 8% of their liabilities. We support our argument by means of a theoretical...

The publication of the Liikanen Group's final report in October 2012 was surrounded by high expectations regarding the implementation of the reform plans through the proposed measures that reacted to the financial and sovereign debt crises. The recommendations mainly focused on introducing a...

The economic and financial crisis of the year 2008 highlighted the need for banking sector regulation via the creation of the banking union. The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) represents an important milestone in the formation of the banking union. It is supposed inter alia to...