In the present paper an empirical analysis will point out that banks are always risk averters, and this aversion increases in more recent periods. The sample covers Western Europe and The United States. Data are taken from World Bank and OECD. The elaboration of these panel data is made feasible...

This paper studies the effect of the 2008 financial crisis on trade credit and bank credit for a sample of 1982 firms in thirteen countries in Western Europe. We find that net trade credit decreases gradually for the whole period. On the other hand bank credit stays stable for the first 2 years...

This report discusses the activity of credit guarantee schemes (CGSs) in Western Europe and presents an analysis based on a novel survey, conducted by the European Investment Bank (EIB) Group , among 18 credit guarantee organisations in 13 countries and 33 banks operating in 17 countries. The...