The state-of-charge (SOC) is a critical parameter of a Li-ion battery pack. Differences among in-pack cells are inevitable and can change the total capacity of a pack and the remaining available capacity. Because the traditional methods for the estimation of the SOC of a pack did not consider...

The accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and real-time performance are critical evaluation indexes for Li-ion battery management systems (BMS). High accuracy algorithms often take long program execution time (PET) in the resource-constrained embedded application systems, which will...

The state-of-charge (SOC) is a critical index in battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs). However in the energy storage systems, the available energy also acts as a significant role. Through the estimating result of state-of-energy (SOE), we can further estimate how long the...