We survey the textual sentiment literature, comparing and contrasting the various information sources, content analysis methods, and empirical models that have been used to date. We summarize the important and influential findings about how textual sentiment impacts on individual, firm-level and...

Social media activities are a proxy for non-fundamental forces that contribute to ETF premium. Greater social media coverage of an active ETF's holdings predicts a greater ETF premium on the next trading day. Active-ETF managers are more likely to sell underlying stocks which experience more...