Election forecasting models assume retrospective economic voting and clear mechanisms of accountability. Indeed, previous research indicates that incumbent political parties are held accountable for the state of the economy. In this article we investigate a ‘hard case’ for the assumptions of...

In this paper we investigate the impact of religious involvement on voting preference and voting behavior for the Christian Democratic party in Belgium. Although it is widely recognized that religious involvement is declining in Western European democracies, there is still significant evidence...