The EU automotive industry has important upstream linkages that affect EU regions in a different way, depending on their position into the global value chain of the automotive industry. - Therefore, policy measures addressing the EU automotive industry need to take into consideration upstream...

Strategic autonomy can be bolstered by applying circularity strategies such as reducing primary inputs and recycling critical raw materials in key technologies. However, effective actions require high definition at the material or technology level, leading to a non-systematic and often tedious...