Reaching the policy goal of improving student achieve­ment by adding resources to the school system has often proven … elusive. By contrast, ample evidence indicates that central exit exams constitute an important feature of a school system …

This article investigates the biases involved in estimating the effects of teacher attributes on school’s performance …

We study the effect of school closures and the transition from on-site to on-line teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic … in the Finnish upper secondary schools. To identify the effects we exploit variation in the length of school closure …-secondary education than the students who experienced shorter school closures. Moreover, we show that inequalities across Finnish students …