A major reason behind crowding in emergency departments (ED) is non-urgent patients' visits to ED. In this paper we investigate how non-urgent ED visits are influenced by patients' imperfect perception of their urgency and their self-interested choice, and we explore interventions that can...

A major reason behind crowding in emergency departments (EDs) is non-urgent patients' visits to ED. In this paper we study how patients' imperfect perception of their urgency and self-interested choice affect non-urgent ED visits and social cost. We then investigate how perception-improvement...