This study employs Brazil’s yearly statistics from 1980 to 2010 to explore the causal relationships between the real GDP and four types of energy consumption: non-hydroelectric renewable energy consumption (NHREC), total renewable energy consumption (TREC), non-renewable energy consumption...

This paper examines the dynamic relationships between pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and the output for Brazil during 1980–2007. The Grey prediction model (GM) is applied to predict three variables during 2008–2013. In the long-run equilibrium emissions appear to be both energy...