This paper revisits the widely known and used concept of soft budget constraints in party-states introduced by Kornai (1980), from the point of view of a comparative analytical model (Csanádi, 2003). It embeds budget constraints in the structure of power relations described by the model as the...

This paper draws up an empirically based comparative analytical model called by its constructor as the Interactive party-state model (IPS). It details the elements, the principles of connection of these elements and the principle of operation of the whole party-state construct. It also defines...