This paper tests the positivity and counter-cyclicality of the reward to market risk (risk aversion). Earlier empirical support has been at best inconclusive. We apply the reverse testing approach of Antell and Vaihekoski (2019) to the conditional ICAPM. Using various GARCH models for the...

Traditional tests of conditional asset pricing models are performed under the assumption of rational expectations and presume that the use of realized returns as a proxy for expected returns is acceptable. This paper turns the tables and asks what realized returns we would observe, given the...