real and relative earnings of young adults under the age of 35. Despite the fact that most young children live in … households headed by adults under 35, there has been no corresponding secular rise in the incidence of low income among children … in young households with children has been offset by rising transfers. Since the 1970s, social transfers have replaced …

the family gap in pay – the differential in hourly wages between women with children and women without children. We … without children in characteristics such as age and education. We also find that the variation in the family gap in pay across …. We find that there is a good deal of variation across our sample countries in the effects of children on women …