The Pacific Ocean liner shipping market appears to be cartelized, primarily because of antitrust exemptions for shipping companies’ agreements. The current industry consolidation trend driven by economies of scale is likely to nurture the collusion inducing environment further; thus,...

Bid rigging among companies is sometimes aided by government officials when the officials provide information concerning the yearly schedule for public tendering or when they reveal the maximum and minimum contract prices set in advance by the procuring office. Officials sometimes suggest that...

The bill to amend the Japanese Antimonopoly Act (AMA) finally passed the Diet on 19 March 2019. The amendments will increase the amount of the administrative fine, called a surcharge. This low surcharge is routinely criticised. Despite several changes made to the current system, the surcharge is...