The paper presents a simulation–optimization modeling framework for the evacuation of large-scale pedestrian facilities …–assignment model. The GA searches for the optimal evacuation plan, while the simulation model guides the search through evaluating the … quality of the generated evacuation plans. Evacuees are assumed to receive evacuation instructions in terms of the optimal …

In order to simulate evacuation from a room with multiple exits, a two-dimensional basic cellular automata (CA) model …

evacuation results, we studied the evacuation process using a multi-grid egress model. In the multi-grid model, a finer grid is … step, the evacuation time increases with the decrease of the grid size, and reaches a stable, grid-independent value when … the grid size is small enough. Another factor which influences the evacuation results is the length of the time step. It …

evacuation from a smoke-filled room. Two algorithms, viz., direct algorithm and indirect algorithm, are used to model the …