In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis, the ECB became deeply involved in activities aimed at stabilizing the financial system, over-leveraged banks, and over-indebted governments. This article addresses the costs of these monetary policy measures, which heavily exceed the...

In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis, the ECB became deeply involved in activities aimed at stabilizing the financial system, over-leveraged banks, and over-indebted governments. This article addresses the costs of these monetary policy measures, which heavily exceed the...

The paper analyzes the institutional changes that have taken place during the 1990s at the central banks of major OECD countries. They have generally resulted in an increased degree of independence, transparency and accountability as well as in mandates more narrowly focused on the achieving and...