We examine how the Bank of Japan’s purchase of exchange traded funds (ETFs) affects companies’ profit, innovation investment, and governance using a difference-in-differences method. The Bank of Japan has purchased ETFs tracking Nikkei 225 and TOPIX since December 2010. The results show that...

In this study, we use an industrial-organization model of the banking industry with money creation to examine the effect of conventional and unconventional monetary policy on the money stock. We consider quantitative monetary easing, qualitative monetary easing, and a negative interest rate on...