There are currently two contrasting approaches towards aid policy in Africa: that followed by the West is well known for its conditionality, selectivity and focus on direct financial support, while the approach adopted by China eschews conditionality and concentrates on infrastructure building....

This paper analyses the causes of China’s energy transition since the economic reform policy launched in 1978. We propose a conceptual framework to determine if increasing capital intensity (capital deepening) of the Chinese economy is driving a shift in the energy mix towards modern energy...

The substitutability between traditional fuels and modern fuels is essential for examine the possibility of energy transition. The existing literature on China's interfuel substitution is mainly based on the translog function form and often the global curvature is not imposed. There is also a...