The Qing Period (1644–1911) has been recognised as one of the most important eras in China's demographic history. However, factors that determined and contributed to the rise in the Qing population have remained unclear. Most works so far have only speculated at what might have caused the...

The connection between court resources and judicial behavior has long been acknowledged. This article examines the linkages between local governments’ fiscal pressures and Chinese judges’ decisions on financial sanctions. Based on data from criminal verdicts of official corruption and county...