This paper examines the role of teacher gender in education production. We extend student outcomes from traditionally focused academic achievement to noncognitive outcomes. Drawing on a representative survey of middle-school students and teachers in China, we focus on schools in which...

This paper uses a unique natural experiment in Chinese villages to investigate whether access to telecommunications- in particular, landline phones-increases the likelihood of outmigration. By using regional and time variations in the installation of landline phones, the...