ABSTRACTThis study examines the role of political risk in deterring China’s trade flowwith her 132 trading partners with particular attention to the Associationof Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Middle East and North African(MENA) countries for 1984-2015 in the Belt Road Initiative...

Purpose – Impact of currency depreciation or devaluation on the trade balance is not instantaneous. Indeed, because of adjustment lags favorable effects of depreciation is only realized in the future. This short‐run dynamics of the trade balance is summarized by the S‐Curve phenomenon. The...

The short-run effects of currency depreciation are said to be different from its long-run effects. In the short run, the trade balance deteriorates and improvement comes after some time; hence, the J-curve phenomenon. Previous studies that tested the response of the trade balance to exchange rate...