This paper analyzes the impact of health care providers' financial conditions on the provision of health care. We utilize a policy shock in China – Zero Markup Drug Policy (ZMDP) – which reduces the profits that hospitals obtain from prescribing and dispensing drugs. The study utilizes a...

The communist revolution brought unprecedented changes to China. Yet there is no consensus on its role in the history of China’s modern economic growth. We investigate whether local communist party membership affected developmental outcomes from 1957–78 (the Maoist period) and 1978–85 (the...

This paper examines how female and male examination performance are differentially affected by the degree of competitive pressure faced. Our setting is China's National College Entrance Exam (Gaokao) which is widely regarded as the world's most competitive exam. We show that compared to male...