We report new evidence that speculation in energy and precious metal futures are more prevalent in crisis periods and even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, agricultural futures attract more hedging pressure. Post-GFC patterns mirror the 1980s’ recessions. Using quantile...

This paper is among the first to investigate high-frequency herding tendencies among exchange traded funds (ETF) traders within the commodities asset class. Operating on 64 popularly traded and liquid ETFs spread across five sub-sectors from 2009 to 2021, we apply four different...

In this study, we use high-frequency microstructure components to explore commodity ETF herding. We employ a new GARCH model incorporating cross-sectional and market volatility at 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minute intervals. We document that during market instability and the COVID-19 pandemic,...