The involvement of EU law in business-to-consumer (B2C) private law relationships is bounded. Regulation originates partly at EU level and partly in national law, leading to fragmentation and legal uncertainty. To counter this problem, this chapter aims to give a new perspective on lawmaking in...

The EU has made it one of its goals to promote social inclusion (Strategy 2020). This article aims to identify how, within a changing context of lawmaking and governance, European private law can contribute to reaching that goal. Conventional knowledge of the economic regulation of Western...

In EU free movements regulation, the average consumer is regarded as someone who is ‘reasonably circumspect' and able to look after his own interests. National legislation aiming at offering a higher degree of protection is often struck down, in this light, as creating unjustified barriers to...

This paper explores what normative choices have been made with regard to the image(s) of the consumer in European regulatory private law (ERPL), and whether these choices may (or may not) need revision as insights on consumers' needs for protection evolve