The Digital Markets Act (“DMA”) will soon become part of EU law. Clearly, the DMA will not apply in a vacuum; instead, it is meant to complement national and EU rules that establish obligations for gatekeeper platforms. The text of the DMA states that the Regulation will apply “without...

Introduction -- Which horizontal agreements are illegal? -- What unilateral conduct is illegal? -- Vertical agreements that restrict dealing with rivals -- Distorting downstream distribution of a supplier's products -- Proving an agreement or concerted action -- Mergers and acquisitions --...

This paper provides an overview of the efforts of the European Commission to identify and, when necessary, challenge anticompetitive behaviour with respect to standardization and the licensing of standardized technologies, as well as the case-law of the CJEU on the same subject. The paper starts...

European Community law has played a pivotal role in opening to competition economic sectors previously under the control of public monopolies. As with other sectors such as telecommunications, air transport, electricity, gas, and rail, the postal sector has succumbed to the wave of...