The study of international integration of equity markets has received a great deal of interest. This paper investigates whether returns of 41 closed-end country funds share a common volatility process with three comparable return-series: the underlying net asset value (NAV), the U.S., and the...

This paper pursues the comparison of economic integration today and pre 1914 for trade as well as finance, primarily for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a century ago and analyze the institutional and...