Franchising has become an increasingly important commercial strategy for Europe's airlines as they seek to strengthen their position in the deregulated marketplace. This paper examines the practice of airline franchising in Europe since its inauguration by British Airways in 1993 and its...

The short-haul operations of traditional European airlines such as British Airways and Lufthansa have come under increasing pressure from the growth of low-cost carriers. This paper examines their competitive responses. These are found to include reductions in labour costs, greater use of...