Purpose– The paper aims to examine the nature of competition within an industry by proposing and examining three separate sources of competitive heterogeneity: the strategies that industry members use, the performance that they obtain, and how effectively the strategies are utilized to obtain...

A host of strategic management and marketing issues, including competitive analysis and strategic decision making, hinges on accurately identifying and representing competitive market structures. It is readily acknowledged that competitive market structures are typically asymmetric; namely, one...

Competitive asymmetry is defined in terms of the directional level of competition among brands/firms (i.e., unit of analysis), where the degree to which brand/firm A may compete with brand/firm B does not equal the degree to which brand/firm B competes with brand/firm A. Such a market structure...