environment described by a DC load flow model where the network is lossless and is operated by an independent regulator who … ensures network stability and fulfillment of consumption needs while taking into account the preferences of consumers over … on which the consumers preferences are determined. The model deals with network congestion and safety as not every …

We analyse competition between perfectly substitutable networks. Monopolization can be sustained in equilibrium by … (off-net) networks is shown to restore competition. This regulation requires neither demand data nor information about call …